The Effects Of Income Inequality For Educated Women

The Effects of Income Inequality for Educated Women Income is a necessity that millions of men and women rely on. While advances in technology continue to develop, the need for educated workers is expected to increase as well. Because of this, the belief that a college education will ensure a well-paying job and a life of success is still a motivating factor for many students. But what if perusing a degree in order to obtain these positions meant that you still earn less than your male counterpart? Although this situation may seem unreal to many, millions of educated women experience an unjustified wage gap in the United States. While income does change with advances in education such as earning a masters or doctoral degree, wage†¦show more content†¦As time progressed, limitations on what types of occupations women could fulfill reflected this as many of them held positions that were similar to household duties. Such duties included child care, nursing, and teaching. With m any advancing roles, the rate at which women were paid remained predominantly low, as reported â€Å"After the Equal Pay Act was signed into law, full-time women workers still earned less than 70 cents for every dollar earned by men,† (Kessler 3) this caused many women to rely on marriage as form of support as they attempted to avoid poverty. Even as education became a society norm, many universities denied admittance to women, and those who were fortunate to earn a degree were faced with the impossible task of finding a job. Questioning a women’s capability is a consequence that is rooted from years of oppression. While many positions have raised the income for them, the rate at which women are paid has historically remained a fraction of a man’s wage. In today’s era, a college education provides an immense opportunity to study what one desires. While there are many majors that one can pursue, many of them remain dominated by men. 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The American Dream changes over the course of time as the income inequality widens between the higher and lower class. Few events occurred that affected the income, which led to a growing gap betweenRead MoreThe Issue Of Gender Income Inequality1060 Words   |  5 Pagesissue of gender income inequality in terms of age. Gender income inequality can be described as the unequal treatment between men and women in terms of revenue, and has been an issue for women for a long period of time. According to Workplace Gender Equality Agency, the average gender pay gap between full-time men and women increases in accordance to age, when the gap begins to narrow due to reduced income in retirement. This report will explain the m ain issue of gender income inequality in terms ofRead MoreThe Impact Of Female Incomes On The Workplace1405 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: For decades, a typical female’s income in Canada has been a fraction of their male counterpart. 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Levels of income inequality are higher than they have been in almost a century, the top one percent has a share of the national income of over 20 percent (Wilhelm). There are a variety of factors that influence income inequality, a few of which will be discussed in this paper. Rising income inequalityRead More Has Work Become More Insecure and Un equal in Canada? Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesInequality, regarding the workplace and workforce, refers to a state of being which involves an absence of opportunity, fairness, and equality, coupled with the presence of extreme variability for a person or group. This extreme variability in work related conditions can lead to the development of strong feelings of insecurity in any person who has experienced such inequality. 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Construct An Access Road For Materials Transport For A...

The focus of this project is to construct an access road to allow for materials transport to a site of future construction. With any project comes a need for trained individuals to manage it. The people placed into this position are referred to as project managers (PM). Regardless of how well trained or talented they are, there can be no real measurable success without the skillful use of the tools at their disposal. This paper will discuss a comprehensive plan to construction an access road that will eventually provide logistical flow to a future construction site; through establishing a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), a baseline budget reflected through Earned Value Management (EVM), processes, planned in benchmarks and financial performance metrics to demonstrate productivity and scheduling according to an actionable plan. To begin with it is a requirement to understand the needs of this project in order to begin any planning. Things that should be taken into account are the available funding, allocated workforce, and time requirement of logistical flow to just mention a few. After this data is accumulated the WBS is created. According to Venkataraman (2008), The WBS is a foundational document to the project as a whole. It provides a phase oriented linear scheme to the project s schedule. This document will allow the Project Manager to track issues relating to cost, scheduling, and performance at the operational level. On the WBS cost estimations areShow MoreRelatedEconomic, Social And Environmental Change Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesimpacts and to ensure long term benefits led to the concept of sustainability. This has become accepted as an essential feature of development if the aim of increased well-being and greater equity in fulfilling basic needs is to be met for this and future genera tions. 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This will be done through the unification of six different institutions; the Royal Victoria Hospital, the Montreal Children’s Hospital, the Montreal Chest Institute, the Cedars Cancer Centre and the Research Institute of the MUHC. We, SNC-Lavalin, would be honored to take it upon ourselves to construct such a complex and innovative project. As a construction company and as members of the community, we believe thatRead MoreRoad Congestion Impacts The Economic Production Of A City2887 Words   |  12 Pages Road congestion impacts the economic production of a city. The Kwinana Freeway Widening Project constructs additional two lanes southbound to keep up with the traffic flow during peak hour period. The Kwinana Freeway Widening Project shows that urban procurement strategies have been conducted to achieve consistency, safety, accuracy and efficiency during construction work. 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Neurophysiology Study Guide Free Essays

string(77) " opening of more Na\+ channels: thus allowing more Na\+ to enter, and so on\." Neurophysiology Study Guide 1. Define â€Å"equilibrium potential†. Why is the resting potential closer to the potassium equilibrium potential (EK+) than the sodium potential (ENa+)? The equilibrium potential is the point at which the force exerted on an ion by electrostatic and concentration gradient forces are balanced, and there is no net movement of that ion. We will write a custom essay sample on Neurophysiology Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now The resting potential is closer to EK+ than ENa+ because the cell membrane is more permeable to potassium than sodium. 2. How would ENa+ change following an increase in the external concentration of sodium? Would the resting potential be affected significantly? If the external concentration of sodium was increased, the concentration gradient driving the movement of sodium would be increased more sodium would diffuse into the cell and would reduce some of the negative charge on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer. This would serve to decrease (make less negative) the resting potential, but would not affect it significantly since the membrane is much more permeable to K. 3. Does any net Ionic current flow at the resting potential? What are the relationships among â€Å"passive† and â€Å"pump†ionic currents at the resting potential? There is no net ionic current flow at the resting potential. However, since neither Na+ nor K+ is at equilibrium, there is a net flow of each across the membrane. The Na-K pump generates the concentration difference that sustains the resting potential: but it is the passive ionic flow that creates the resting potential. Pump currents balance passive currents (diffusion) at the resting potential. 3. Define â€Å"electrogenic† and â€Å"neutral† pumps. What role does the Na-K pump play in the resting potential? An electrogenic pump creates a potential difference across the membrane – positive and negative charges are not transported across the membrane in equal amounts. Neutral pumps are balanced according to charge – there is no potential difference created. The Na-K pump generates the concentration difference that sustains the resting potential. 5. Describe the sequence of ionic events and their effect upon the resting potential following lockade of the Na-K pump, or following an increase in extracellular potassium or sodium. When the Na-K pump is blocked by an agent such as oubain or digitalis, Na+ and K+ will continue to diffuse passively across the cell membrane down their respective gradients. After a while, intracellular [Na] will increase and intracellular [K] will decrease. The reduced [K] gradient will reduce K efflux through nongated channels; therefore, the resting potential will depolarize. The reduced [N a] gradient will have little effect on the resting potential. If extracellular [K+ ] is increased, the driving force for potassium diffusion out of the cell will decrease, and the resting potential will become less negative (depolarized). If extracellular [Na+ ] is increased, the driving force for sodium movement into the cell will increase with a resultant slight depolarization, but there will be no significant change in resting potential. Na+ -K+ ATPase pump activity Y [[Na+]in Y [Na+]O/ [Na+]i Y ENa+ Y (EM – ENa+) Y INa+ Y Conduction velocity and Depolarized threshold 6. Explain the interrelationships between ionic and capacitive currents during postsynaptic potentials or during an action potential. Ionic current is the flow of ions through channels into or out of the cell. Capacitive current is the movement of charges, usually positive, up to or away from the cell membrane. During an excitatory postsynaptic potential or an action potential, there is an initial ionic current flow into the cell, followed by a capacitive current out of the cell, which serves to depolarize the membrane potential at a distance. The current loop forms a â€Å"local circuit. † 7. Define â€Å"time constant†. How is it calculated and why is it important for integration of electrical activity at the axon’s initial segment? The time constant is the amount of time it takes for EM (membrane potential) to decay to 1/e of its initial strength (37%). It is equal to resistance times capacitance. It is important for integration at the initial segment because it determines whether temporal summation can take place – a long time constant means slow decay which allows summation to occur; a short time constant means fast decay, and therefore no summation. 8. Define â€Å"length constant’. How does it depend upon axon diameter, axial resistance and membrane resistance; what does it suggest about the relative effectiveness of synapses on the soma versus synapses on the dendrites? The length (or space) constant is the distance that a signal can travel before falling to 1/e (37%) of its initial magnitude. It is proportional to the square root of the diameter of the fiber and to membrane resistance, and inversely proportional to axial resistance. The higher the membrane resistance, the farther the signal will go. The larger the length constant, the slower the signal decay. This suggests that synapses on the soma are more likely to undergo spatial summation than dendritic synapses. 9. Define â€Å"graded potentials†. How do these differ from action potentials? A graded potential is one in which the amplitude is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus. It has no refractory period and is a local potential – i. e. it is not actively conducted and spreads only passively. Graded potentials can be either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing and can add. Action potentials cannot add, have refractory periods are all or none, and are propagated actively. 0. Explain the shape of a â€Å"strength duration† curve. Define â€Å"rheobase† and â€Å"chronaxie† The shape of the strength-duration curve shows that initiation of an action potential is dependent on both the amplitude and the duration of a stimulus. Rheobase is the minimum effective stimulus strength. Chronaxie is the duration of the stimulus that is required to just reach threshold when the stimulus amplitude is twice rheobase. 11. Explain in detail how an action potential is generated. What types of channels tend to open as the membrane potential depolarizes? Draw a graph illustrating how sodium and potassium conductances change (with time) during an action potential. When the membrane is depolarized, voltage sensitive Na+ channels open allowing Na+ to enter the cell down its electrochemical gradient This entry of Na+ further depolarizes the cell, resulting in the opening of more Na+ channels: thus allowing more Na+ to enter, and so on. You read "Neurophysiology Study Guide" in category "Essay examples" When the influx of Na+ exceeds the efflux of K+ , threshold is exceeded and the response becomes regenerative, leading to the depolarizing or rising phase of the action potential. After a period of time the Na+ channels inactivate and close: blocking further entry of Na+ through these channels. Also after a delay, voltage-sensitive K+ channels open, allowing K+ to leave the cell, traveling down its electrochemical gradient. The inactivation of the Na+ channels coupled with the opening of the K+ channels result in the repolarization of the membrane potential 12. How do the time courses of sodium and potassium conductances differ during a maintained depolarization? A maintained depolarization causes Na+ inactivation (reduces PNa+) and hence increases (depolarizes) the threshold potential. In addition, compared with the Na+ activation process, the K+ activation process (increased PK+ ) is delayed and persists as long as the depolarization is maintained. 13. Define â€Å"sodium inactivation†. How does it explain the â€Å"absolute† and â€Å"relative† refractory periods, or â€Å"accommodation†? How do potassium ions play a role in these processes? What limits a neuron’s maximum rate of firing? There are two ‘gates’ on the voltage gated sodium channels. As the membrane is depolarized, sodium channels open. When the membrane is fully depolarized, sodium channels become inactivated. Sodium inactivation is high at the peak of the action potential and is maximal about the time that the repolarization phase intersects the zero potential. It is this process and the fact that most potassium channels are open that account for the absolute refractory period. The relative refractory period is the gradual recovery of Na+ channels from the inactivation process. Accommodation is also related to sodium inactivation because a slow depolarization will cause the Na+ channels to go directly from the closed state to the inactivated state. A neuron’s maximum rate of firing is limited by the absolute refractory period. 4. What role does the Na+ -K+ pump play in the action potential? How is the action potential affected by alterations in the concentration of extracellular Na+ or K+ Action potentials arise from the passive movement of ions down their electrochemical gradients. The Na+-K+ pump creates the electrochemical gradients that sustain the resting potential and generat e the action potential. Alterations in the concentration of extracellular K+ will cause fluctuations in the resting potential that will decrease or increase the likelihood of an action potential being generated. Alterations of extracellular Na will increase or decrease the conduction velocity of action potentials as well as the likelihood of an action potential being generated. 15. Explain the mechanism for propagation of an action potential in an unmyelinated nerve or in a myelinated nerve. Why is the latter much faster? What factors affect conduction velocity? Once an action potential has been initiated, the inward Na+ current depolarizes the membrane toward ENa+ . This results in a potential difference between this active region and the adjacent inactive region, which is still near EK+ . Hence, current will flow between the active and adjacent inactive region, depolarizing the inactive region. The resulting increase in intracellular Na+ leads to an outward capacitive current and depolarization of this region of membrane. When the depolarization reaches threshold, an action potential will be initiated in this region of the membrane. In an unmyelinated nerve, this is a continual process moving down the membrane. In a myelinated nerve, this process occurs only at the node of Ranvier. Myelinated nerves have faster conduction velocities because the action potential â€Å"jumps’ from node to node, which may be up to 2 mm apart. Conduction velocity is affected by membrane capacitance and by membrane and axoplasm resistances. Myelin increases membrane resistance, thereby constraining incoming positive charge to move down the axon. Myelin reduces membrane capacitance; this reduces the amount of negative charge that must be neutralized to reach threshold. Axoplasm resistance is inversely proportional to axon diameter. Thus, conduction velocity increases with fiber diameter,. 16. Describe the process of â€Å"saltatory† conduction. Why is it advantageous? Explain how and why conduction velocity and the length (space) constant are affected by demyelinating iseases. Saltatory conduction is the discontinuous propagation (jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next) of an action potential along a myelinated nerve. Saltatory conduction arises in part from the properties of the myelin sheath, which increases the membrane resistance and decreases the capacitance in the internodal region; the result is an increa se in current flow down the core of the axon. In addition the voltage-sensitive Na+ channels responsible for the generation of the action potential are localized only at the nodes. This type of conduction makes possible rapid precise control of muscle contraction. In demyelinating diseases conduction velocity and the length constant are reduced in the unmyelinated areas. The length constant is proportional to membrane resistance and when the myelin is destroyed, the resistance at that point decreases and therefore the length constant decreases. Because of increase capacitance and negative charge on the inner surface of the membranes, propagation of the signal takes place continuously instead of jumping from node to node; therefore, conduction velocity is decreased. 7. What are the three functions of a sensory receptor? 1) Transduction of the environmental signal Energy Y Change in membrane potential 2) Amplification of the environmental signal 3) Transmission of the environmental signal to the CNS 18. How does a â€Å"receptor potential† or â€Å"generator potential† differ from an action potential? A receptor or generator potential is a graded po tential that is proportional to the stimulus. It is not a function of the membrane potential and thus is not regenerative like an action potential. It has no refractory period and, therefore, is additive. It is â€Å"local† and propagated. Finally, the ion channels producing the receptor/generator potentials are different from those underlying the action potential; they are not voltage gated. 19. Explain how an action potential is initiated in a sensory nerve. What conditions are necessary for repetitive firing? How does the firing frequency depend upon the amplitude of the generator potential? Upon the intensity of the stimulus? A sensory nerve action potential begins with the receipt of an appropriate environmental signal. The stimulus causes a localized increase in the permeability of the nerve terminal to Na+ . The resulting net inward positive ionic current depolarizes the nerve terminal. This current spreads passively along the axon terminal producing a depolarizing outward capacitive current The outward capacitive current, in turn. may induce an action potential in a region of the nerve with a low threshold for generating an action potential- usually at the first node of Ranvier in myelinated nerves. A maintained stimulus is necessary for repetitive firing. The firing frequency is proportional to the amplitude of the generator potential and the intensity of the stimulus. 19. Define â€Å"sensory adaptation†. Name two classes of receptors. What type of information about the stimulus is derived from each? Give examples. Sensory adaptation is the decline in response that occurs over time when a receptor is subjected to a constant stimulus. There are two types of receptor classifications: slowly adapting (tonic) receptors and rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors. Slowly adapting receptors provide information about the rate of change of a stimulus as well as the magnitude and duration. This type of receptor is seen in touch, pressure, hair cells for hearing and vestibular function, muscle spindle receptors, Golgi tendon organs and in baroreceptors. Rapidly adapting receptors are unable to maintain a sustained depolarization, despite sustained stimulation. They function as rate-detectors providing information about the rate of change of the environmental signal. Rapidly adapting receptors are found in the Pacinian corpuscles and skin hair receptors. 19. Describe in detail the steps involved in the release and degradation of ACh at the neuromuscular junction. What factors regulate how much ACh is released? Chemical synaptic transmission is initiated by a depolarization of the presynaptic element and the subsequent influx of Ca++ ions into the nerve terminal through voltage-dependent Ca++ channels. Ca++ facilitates contact of synaptic vesicles with the terminal membrane, which triggers the synchronous release of several thousands of transmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft. The ACh binds to its receptor on the postsynaptic membrane. After dissociating from the receptor, ACh is degraded by acetylcholinesterase (produced by ) 19. Define â€Å"quantal† release and â€Å"miniature† end-plate potential. How are the two related? Quantal release refers to the release of neurotransmitters in discrete packets or vesicles. A single vesicle contains about 5-10,000 ACh molecules, and is capable of depolarizing the membrane about 1mV. The small depolarization caused by the spontaneous release of a few vesicles is called a miniature end plate potential. Spontaneous release of vesicles occurs at a rate of about 1/sec. MEPP’s may be important in maintaining the integrity of the muscle fiber. 19. Discuss the â€Å"end-plate† potential (EPP), including its characteristics and underlining mechanisms. Why are its amplitude and duration limited? How does it differ from an action potential? The end-plate potential is the postsynaptic potential produced at motor end plate. The EPP occurs as the result of ACh binding to its receptors on end-plate membrane and opening the chemically gated channels located there. The EPP is a graded potential – the magnitude of the EPP is proportional to the number of channels opened by ACh – and spreads only passively. The EPP acts as a stimulus for the production of an action potential on the muscle membrane contiguous to the end-plate membrane. The amplitude and duration of the EPP may be limited by the amount of neurotransmitter released, or by the number of receptors present, or by the normal activity of AChEase. The EPP differs from an action potential in the same ways that other graded potentials do. 19. How are action potentials initiated at the muscle end plate? What is the ratio of’ the number of muscle action potentials to motor neuron action potentials (output: input)? Action potentials are initiated in the region of the muscle end plate when the membrane is depolarized by the electrotonically spreading EPP. The ratio of the number of muscle action potentials to motor neuron action potentials (output: input) is 1:1. 19. What are chemically gated ion channels? Give an example. How do such channels differ from voltage-gated channels? Chemically-gated ion channels are those channels which open only in response to the binding of a chemical neurotransmitter, hormone or other chemicals and not in response to membrane depolarization as voltage-gated channels do. The channel associated with the ACh receptor is a chemically-gated ion channel: 26. Compare and contrast the characteristics of chemical and electrical synaptic transmission. Electrical synaptic transmission is mediated by gap junctions. The gap junctions provide a pathway for cytoplasmic continuity. As a result, a depolarization (or hyperpolarization) produced in the presynaptic terminal produces a change in potential in the postsynaptic terminal. There is minimal synaptic delay and the transmission can spread bidirectionally. Electrical junctions are found in the nervous system, as well as smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Chemical synaptic transmission occurs between two cell membranes separated by a synaptic cleft. The presynaptic terminal contains a high concentration of mitochondria and synaptic vesicles and there is a characteristic thickening of the postsynaptic membrane. Since the neurotransmitter must diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to its receptor, there is delay of about 0. 5 – 1 msec between the initiation of an action potential in the presynaptic terminal and a potential change in the postsynaptic terminal. Chemical transmission is generally unidirectional. How to cite Neurophysiology Study Guide, Essay examples

Hate crime and punishment Essay Example For Students

Hate crime and punishment Essay Hate Crime and the Punishments Love Thy Neighbor. We have all been taught, if not have heard these same words. There are two opposite words in the dictionary with two opposite meanings. Love is defined as to have a deep, tender, ineffable feeling of affection and solicitude toward a person, and on the other side Hate is told as to feel hostility or animosity toward a person or thing. With this, hate crimes can be murder or assault, or racially or religiously motivated. In the following cases you will see that hate crimes take many different forms and also punished in different ways. In the Mississippi Code punishment for Hate Crimes are noted in 99-19-301 through 99-19-307. In order to impose an enhanced penalty under the provision of 99-19-301 through 99-19-307, the jury must find beyond a reasonable doubt: that the defendant knew that the victim was within the class delineated; and that the defendant had specific intent to commit the offense because the victim was within the class delineated. As subsection two of the hate-crimes statute indicates, in order for the felony enhancement to apply, a person must commit an underlying misdemeanor primary offense. Primary offenses under the statute include assault, property destruction, criminal trespass, and any misdemeanor offense against public order and decency. According to the Mississippi crime and punishment graph, hate crimes that are any felony or misdemeanor act racially motivated may double in sentence. Beckwith v. State, Medgar Evers, a black civil rights activist and leader in the turbulent 1950s-1960s civil rights struggles, was murdered at his home in Jackson January 12, 1963. Byron De La Beckwith, a vocal prosegregationist and white supremacist in this State, was arrested June 23rd and indicted for Evers murder at the July, 1963, term of the grand jury of Hinds County. He stood trial in February, 1964, and following a hung jury, a mistrial was ordered by the circuit judge February 7. He again stood trial in April, and following another hung jury, the circuit judge declared a mistrial April 17, 1964. Until his second trial, Beckwith had been incarcerated without bail. Following his second trial Beckwith was released on $10,000 bail. He ran a markedly unsuccessful election and his successor on March 10, 1969, moved court to enter a nolle prosequi of the indictment. There was no objection by the defense to the entry of the nolle prosequi. No further effort was made by the State to initiate criminal proceedings against Beckwith until December, 1990, term of the Hinds County grand jury when he again was indicted for murder. Beckwith, then living in Tennessee, following an extradition contest in the Tennessee courts, was extradited to Mississippi and incarcerated in a Hinds County jail. In the town of Jasper, Texas James Byrd Jr. was killed on June 14, 1998. He was dragged nearly three miles on Huff Creek Road, after being chained behind a pick up truck. Three men were responsible for his death. A jury convicted Shawn Allen Berry of capital murder for causing the death of James Bryd, Jr. while in the course of committing or attempting to kidnap. Because James was black, these men chose to make an example of him, so as to start a Hate group in Jasper, Texas. Instead, this one individuals death caused the world to take a hard look at the subject of Hate and how this must never happen again in the new millennium. In doing this, Texas governor, Rick Perry passed signed into law the James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Act that amended the previous generic hate crimes law to include race, color, disability, religion, national origin or ancestry, age, and gender or sexual orientation. This bill also provides for enhanced penalties if a judge or jury finds that a violent act or property crime was motivated by bias. The Byrds also work to educate young people on diversity and acceptance of all people. Showing that not all hate-crimes consist on Black and white issues the recent case Shepard v. .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284 , .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284 .postImageUrl , .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284 , .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284:hover , .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284:visited , .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284:active { border:0!important; } .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284:active , .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284 .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua508aaf6434ad38d8ac3c039d4820284:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rosa parks Essay Henderson proves that hate-crimes also can be based on your own choice to live your life. On October 12, 1998, the world was pained and overwhelmed by the death of .

A Guide to the IB Middle Years Program

A Guide to the IB Middle Years Program The International Baccalaureate ® Diploma Programme is growing in popularity at high schools around the world, but did you know that this curriculum is designed only for students in grades eleven and twelve? It’s true, but it doesn’t mean that younger students have to miss out on the IB curriculum experience. While the Diploma Programme is only for juniors and seniors, the IB also offers programs for younger students. The History of The International Baccalaureate ® Middle Years Programme The International Baccalaureate first introduced the Middle Years Programme in 1994 and has since been adopted by more than 1,300 schools around the world in more than 100 countries. It was originally designed to meet the growing needs of the students in the middle level, which roughly equates to students ages 11-16, at international schools. The International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme, sometimes referred to as MYP, can be adopted by schools of any kind, including both private schools and public schools. The Ages Levels for the Middle Years Program The IB MYP is targeted to students ages 11 through 16, which in the United States, typically refers to students in grades six through ten. There is often a misconception that the Middle Years Programme is only for middle school students, but it in fact offers courses for students in grades nine and ten. Should a high school only offer grades nine and ten, the school may apply for approval to teach only the portions of the curriculum that relate to their appropriate grade levels, and as such, the MYP curriculum is often adopted by high schools that embrace the Diploma Programme, even if the lower grade levels are not offered. In fact, due to the similar nature of MYP and the Diploma Programme, the IB’s Middle Years Programme (MYP) is sometimes  referred to as Pre-IB. Benefits of The Middle Years Programme Course of Study The courses offered in the Middle Years Programme are considered to be preparatory for the highest level of IB study, the diploma program. However, the diploma is not required. For many students, the MYP offers an improved classroom experience, even if the diploma isn’t the end goal. Similar to the diploma program, the Middle Years Programme focuses on providing students with a real-world learning experience, connecting their studies to the world around them. For many students, this form of learning is an engaging way to connect with materials. In general, the Middle Years Programme is considered more of a framework for teaching rather than a strict curriculum. Schools have the ability to design their own programs within set parameters, encouraging teachers to embrace best practices in teaching and cutting edge technology in order to create a program that best fits with the mission and vision of the school. A holistic program, MYP focuses on the student’s entire experience while providing rigorous studies that are implemented through varied learnings strategies. The Approach to Learning and Teaching for the Middle Years Programme Designed as a five-year curriculum for approved schools, the MYP’s goal is to challenge students intellectually and prepare them to be critical thinkers and global citizens. Per the IBO website, â€Å"The MYP aims to help students develop their personal understanding, their emerging sense of self and responsibility in their community.† The program was designed to promote the fundamental concepts of â€Å"intercultural understanding, communication, and holistic learning.† Since the IB Middle Years Programme is offered globally, the curriculum is available in various languages. However, what is offered in each language may vary. A unique aspect of the Middle Years Programme is that the framework can be used in part or in whole, meaning schools and students can elect to engage in a few classes or the entire certificate program, the latter of which carries specific requirements and achievements that must be attained. The Middle Years Programme Curriculum Most students learn best when they can apply their studies to the world around them. The MYP places a high value on this type of immersive learning and promotes a learning environment that embraces real-world applications in all of its studies. To do so, the MYP focuses on eight core subject areas. According to IBO.org, these eight core areas provide, â€Å"a broad and balanced education for early adolescents.† These subject areas include: Language acquisitionLanguage and literatureIndividuals and societiesSciencesMathematicsArtsPhysical and health educationDesign This curriculum typically equates to at least 50 hours of instruction in all of the subjects each year. In addition to taking the required core courses, students also participate in an annual interdisciplinary unit that combines work from two different subject areas, and they also participate in a long-term project. The interdisciplinary unit is designed to help students understand how different areas of study integrate in order to provide a greater understanding of the work at hand. This combination of two different areas of learning helps students make connections between their work and begin to recognize similar concepts and related material. It provides an opportunity for students to delve deeper into their studies and find greater meaning behind what they are learning and the importance of the material in the greater world. The long-term project is a chance for students to delve into topics of study about which they are passionate. This level of personal investment in learning usually means students are more excited and engaged in the tasks at hand. The project also asks students to maintain a personal journal throughout the year to document the project and to meet with teachers, which provides ample opportunity for reflection and self-assessment. In order to qualify for the Middle Years Programme certificate, students much achieve a minimum score on the project. The Flexibility of the Middle Years Program A unique aspect of the IB MYP is that it offers a flexible program. What this means is that unlike other curriculums, IB MYP teachers are not constrained by set text books, topics or assessments, and are able to use the framework of the program and apply its principles to the materials of choice. This allows for what many consider to be a greater level of creativity and the ability to implement learning best practices of any kind, from cutting edge technology to current events and teaching trends. In addition, the Middle Years Program doesn’t have to be taught in its full format. It is possible for a school to apply to be approved to offer only a portion of the IB. For some schools, this means only offering the program in a few of the grades that typically participate in the Middle Years Programme (such as, a high school offering the MYP only to freshmen and sophomores) or a school can request permission to only teach some of the eight typical subject areas. It is not uncommon for a school to request to teach six of the eight core subjects in the final two years of the program. However, with flexibility comes limitations. Similar to the Diploma Programme, students are only eligible to receive recognition (the diploma for higher levels and a certificate for the Middle Years) if they complete the full curriculum and achieve the required standards of performance. Schools wishing their students to be eligible for these forms of recognition must register to participate in what the IB calls the eAssessment, which uses students’ ePortfolios of coursework to evaluate their level of achievement, and also requires students to complete on-screen exams as a secondary measure of aptitude and achievement. A Comparable International Program The IB Middle Years Programme is often compared to the Cambridge IGCSE, which is another popular international education curriculum. The IGCSE was developed more than 25 years ago and is also adopted by schools worldwide. However, there are some key differences in the programs and how students from each assess their preparation for the IB Diploma Programme. The IGCSE is designed for students ages fourteen to sixteen, so doesn’t span as many grades as the Middle Years Programme, and unlike MYP, the IGCSE offers set curriculum in each subject area. Assessments for each program differ, and depending on a student’s learning style, may excel in either program. Students in the IGCSE often still excel in the Diploma Programme but may find it more challenging to adapt to the varied methods for assessment. However, Cambridge offers its own advanced curriculum options for students, so switching curriculum programs isn’t necessary. Students wishing to participate in the IB Diploma Programme typically benefit from participating in the MYP instead of other middle-level programs.

Labor History in the United States Of America

Labor History in the United States Of America After the American Civil War that lasted from 1861 to 1865, American industrial workers wanted to enlarge their rights at workplaces and be able to create strong labor unions to improve the quality of the work.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labor History in the United States Of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the beginning of 1990s, a considerable part of workers died each year because of poor working conditions: accidents at factories and mines, constant injuring, and inconveniencies with work. Industrial workers hoped that numerous labor unions would provide them with safety at working places and the families of killed people with the necessary financial support and other benefits. The international influence of the United States started rising at the beginning of 1910s and lasts until now. Rising of American impact considerably influenced the vast majority of American industrial workers; the processe s of mobilization, liberal consensus, and nationalism affected American labor unions in different ways: on the one hand, these changes advanced workers’ rights by providing the benefits, and on the other hand, they hurt workers’ interests and cause numerous misunderstandings. The influence of America has been powerful for a long period of time. It is a nation full of immigrants and industrial workers from the whole world. The United States opens its gates to lots of people and provides them with an opportunity to earn for living. However, at the beginning of 1900s, the situation was a bit different: people, who came to the United States faced lots of problems, Asian and Mexican workers had to pass a strong control to visit the country and start working. Some people just had no chance but accept all the conditions offered by the American government in order to find some job; usually it was work at factories and mines including running the machines. Native American indus trial workers faced certain problems with work as well. For the government, it was easier to hire people from other countries in order to pay less money and use the same labor force. This is why rising of the international influence of the United States attracted too many people from different countries, and Native American industrial workers got less opportunities to get good jobs. â€Å"The use of undocumented workers as a highly exploited or reserve labor sources† (Ngai, 58) – this is what was inherent to those times and was the major obstacle for American workers.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the beginning of the 20th century, one of the most significant conflicts in the labor movement was a conflict between the representatives of craft unions and industrial unions. Craft unions, also known as trade unions, restricted the membership in unions to specifi c traders: shoemakers, plumbers, etc. In their turn, industrial unions were such organizations, which were eager to accept the workers of any ranks: skilled and unskilled. The representatives of the Knights of Labor and the Industrial Workers of the World may serve as the best and well-known labor union organizations, which made a certain impact on the rising of industrial workers in the United States. The conflict between those labor organizations was considerable, and in order to smooth it, John L. Lewis decided to organize the Committee for Industrial Organizations (C. I. O.) and tried to organize all unskilled workers into one group. Black workers were also eager to join this organization in order to have more or less stable position at the labor-markets. After all, the industrial workers won their independence by means of violent fights and mobilization of their memberships. Mobilization is a process of gathering people into the certain groups with common interests and purposes . Lewis chose one of the most effective ways to achieve the desirable results and created a membership of works of different levels. Because of its simplicity and clear marking of the purpose, lots of workers started joining that union. Nationalism is one more factor that influenced the development of American labor. Nationalism is defined as an ideology that focuses on the interests of the nations. It is probably one of the strongest phenomena inherent to each country. National flags, armies, and anthems – all this is a banal example of nationalism. The idea of one race, ethnicity, and even one language was also crucially important to the American industrial workers. As for nationalism of American industrial workers, one the one hand, it advanced their interests and helped to achiever the set purposes and achieve the equality in the labor market. One the other hand, the idea of nationalism was not the only leading factor in the development of American labor. In fact, the ide a of mobilization was the initial one, and in order to win craft unions, industrial unions had to be united without taking into account the ethnicity factor. Due to this simple fact, Native American industrial workers should put aside their personal preferences and use as more people as possible to gain the desirable recognition.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labor History in the United States Of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the most important ideologies, which played the final role in the development of the American industrial labor, is the idea of the liberal consensus. Cold War and liberalism that was one of this war’s main objectives turned out to be the dominant paradigm in the United States. â€Å"At times, a confluence of economic, social, cultural, and political factors has impelled major shifts in societys understanding (and construction) of race and its constitutive role in nat ional identity formation. The Civil War was obviously one of those times; the present multicultural moment is another.† (Ngai 7) In general, the rising of the international influence of the United States considerable affected the vast majority of the American industrial workers. The process of mobilization of both skilled and unskilled workers of different race and gender advanced the interests of American labor and encourage them to work and present more effective production. The war between craft unions and industrial unions, described in the works by Mae Ngai and Eileen Boris, the liberal consensus, which put the final full stop in the labor conflict, and American workers’ nationalism – this is what was crucially important during the 1910s till the 1990s. Between 1924 and 1965, the times analyzed by Ngai, the restriction policies did not concentrate on exclusion of the unskilled workers. Their major purpose was to determine geographical and racial gaps between the workers in order to abolish the rights of the illegal aliens and underline the importance of the national origins of the workers. Civil War was rather predictable, taking into consideration the situation between the unions and inhabitants. â€Å"Cold War liberalism’s emphasis on America’s image abroad narrowed the concept of immigration reform to a question of formal equality.† (Ngai 245) The results of that war put the end of the war for independence, equality of rights, and freedom. Boris, E., Lichtenstein, N. Major Problems in the History of American Workers: Documents and Essays. D. C. Heath, 1991.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ngai M.M. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton University Press, 2004

Sustainability in emerging economies - Simplified business plan (topic Essay

Sustainability in emerging economies - Simplified business plan (topic of your choice ) - Essay Example o work with Kenya locals to construct greenhouses that would ensure the country produce food that is sustainable to its population so that hunger can be averted. Attention is drawn to the fact that this country majorly depend on agricultural products as their basic point of the economy. Agriculture is the backbone of their survivals since it is the source of their daily food and comprise almost of 75% of their exports that earn foreign exchange that enables them to balance the trade deficits. But as studies shows, there has been a decline in a significant production. This significant decline is due to climate change and global warming. The two has led to extreme temperatures and excess heat that are unfavorable for food production. (Pearce, Barbier & Markandya (2013) shows that the production of food in these societies has an annual decreased from of up to 10% in the last decade. On the other hand, research by Barrett, Ilbery, Brown and Binns, (1999), shows that exports from these countries have fallen by 20% and the trend is likely to continue if not addressed. Thus, due to these demanding issues, the corporation has identified greenhouse c onstruction in these societies as the primary remedy for the situation. The establishment of the greenhouse will make the locals produce more than enough for their consumption against the extreme weather conditions. Hence, food security is ensured that will lower the poverty index to reduce by a greater percentage. Furthermore, production is expected to be in excess that can be used for exchange for other products from various societies. Hence, the balance of trade will be manageable that enhances growth in the economy creating sustainable development. The world institutions have proposed various heads that encourage the corporation to participate in the project developments. A report from World Bank shows that climate change is destroying the events gains that have been achieved over times hence companies and governments

Aesthetic Style in Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aesthetic Style in Writing - Essay Example They enlighten and portray the preciseness of what is being communicated. Characters have been exceptionally represented in reference to their high ranking roles, to bring out the extent of the superiority of white people. She puts in place politicians, board members of the Canterbury Club, a doctor, jurist, theologian, college president among others. They are representatives of the larger majority of the Americans. They express enthusiasm about the matters surrounding their well-being and that of the nation. At the same time, they are more oriented in their own social progress, hence, the formation of their Club. Words articulated by these characters have been specially chosen by Pauline to highlight their own self-interests. Talma Gordon was a symbol of great things that can come out of the intermingling between the black people and other races. She is described to have a wonderful smile and a face full of delight â€Å"like the heart of a flower† (Elizabeth 2). This represents wealth, happiness and some of the good things that the intermarriage relation can bring. Jeannette is compared to her father who is dark and stern while Talma is said to have a similarity with her mother. This is discriminative since Mrs. Gordon was richer than Mr. Gordon as she possessed much of the family’s wealth in which she, in turn, left to her daughters after her death. Talma was as genius as a dead mother who was light. This portrays the aspect of the light skin color overshadowing the dark skin color thus raising the controversy in their intermingling. It presumes that in case of intermarriage, some parties will over depend on others for survival. This is a form of discrimination. Some visitors were given a warmer welcome than others were. The writer thought that she and she accompany will be â€Å"welcomed to a banquet that would feast both eye and palate† (Elizabeth 3) but to their surprise, they were not even looked at by the hostess.

Sigmund Freuds Theories On Psychoanalysis In Cinema Essay

Sigmund Freuds Theories On Psychoanalysis In Cinema - Essay Example The conflict is that the film portrays these Freudian theories, but many of these theories have since been rebuked. The film becomes a satire by showing Freud's teachings, but subtly disputing and showing their errors. With Freud's belief that one's actions are mostly motivated by sexual urges and that these urges are based on the development of psychosexual stages, he limits an institution's ability to correctly diagnose and cure a mental patient. So in the film, although the patients represent various stages of Freud's theory, e.g., anal (Nurse Ratchet), oral (McMurphy), and so on, their treatment is limited by these basic categorizations. If the doctors and Nurse Ratchet did more than treat their basic symptoms they could have focused on true healing and tried to get to the root of the problem. Instead, patients were controlled through medication and lobotomies. Freud's Oedipus complex theory, that every man is in love with his mother and hates his father is illustrated in the film. The female in control of the hospital, Nurse Ratched, represents the mother figure. She controls the blood of patients. Based on Freud's theory, each of the men would love her, as the mother figure. ...The conflict occurs because of Nurse Ratched's abuse of such power. This causes confusion and a love/hate relationship with the men. They feel the urgings to love her as a mother, but are confused by her rejection and abuse.In this example, it would appear to be a reverse Oedipus complex in that the relationship goes the extreme opposite with the patients hating her. Still, the need to please exhibited by some of the patients still exhibits an Oedipus complex. The female figure or mother image is represented in a negative light throughout the film. Vera Harding, Candy, Nurse Ratchet all exert and abuse the power they have over men. Each of the men reacts in his own way: McMurphy resents her power; Chief shuts down emotionally; Billy Bibbitt craves the love his mother withholds.

Contemporary Ergogenic Aids

Contemporary Ergogenic Aids A literature review of contemporary ergogenic aids which have been recommended within the lay literature to improve exercise performance A number of psychological, mechanical, nutritional and pharmacological factors shown to limit exercise performance have been identified. Driving towards success, professional and amateur athletes attempt to identify these factors and to find techniques to minimise their likely impact. Specific nutrients or compounds used in an attempt to enhance the capacity of an individual to perform a specific task beyond effects attributable to training alone have been described as ergogenic aids (Williams, 1983).Currently, two nutritional aids have identified which are thought to reduce the rate of intramuscular metabolite accumulation, beta alanine and sodium bicarbonate. Beta alanine supplementation increases intramuscular buffering capacity by enhancing intramuscular carnosine synthesis. Whereas, sodium bicarbonate has shown to increase the extracellular buffering capacity by increasing the blood bicarbonate concentration (Requena et al. 2005). During high intensity exercise, fatigue is often associated to the excessive accumulation of metabolites, such as potassium ions (K+), hydrogen ions (H+), and phosphate ions (Pi+), and the availability of metabolic fuel sources (Fitts et al, 2008). The ergogenic potential of beta alanine and sodium bicarbonate have both become increasingly topical avenues of exploration due to the growing popularity of their supplementation by amateur and professional athletes.Therefore, this review will focus on critically evaluating the evidence on beta alanine and sodium bicarbonate, which are both currently recommended within the lay literature to enhance performance. Furthermore, to make a reasoned conclusion about nutritional manipulations which could enhance performance. Recently, a lay article claimed that beta alanine supplementation enhances performance for short duration and high intensity workouts, however decreases long duration performance (Oches, 2016). The rationale for this is based on well substantiated evidence that an increased level of beta alanine in the body elicits increased carnosine synthesis. Muscular acidosis has been recognized as one of the main causes of fatigue during intense exercise and carnosine has been shown to play a significant role in intramuscular pH regulation (Artioli et al, 2010). Therefore, Carnosine loading may enhance fatigue threshold and increase high intensity exercise performance (Blancquaert et al, 2014). Nearly a decade ago, it was demonstrated that chronic beta alanine supplementation was able to increase intramuscular carnosine content, suggesting that beta alanine is the rate-limiting factor for carnosine synthesis (Harris et al, 2006). Shortly after this, Hill et al (2007) demonstrated that increased skeletal muscle carnosine content was able to increase performance in various high intensity exercises. Following on from this, several high quality studies have explored the effects of beta alanine supplementation on sport-specific high intensity performances. These studies demonstrate that 1-10 minutes appears to be the effective time window where beta alanine is most beneficial (Salles Painelli et al, 2013). Looking closer we can see that studies which have attempted to enhance performance in exercises lasting less than one minute (Miro et al, 2013; de Salles Painelli et al, 2013) or over ten minutes (Thienen et al, 2012; Chung et al, 2014) have not found beneficial effects on performance. Whereas, studies which have examined exercises within this optimal time window have reported enhanced performance (de Salles Painelli et al, 2013; Hobsen et al, 2013). This would suggest that beta alanine supplementation may not be beneficial for enhancing short bouts of high intensity or endurance performance. A reason no positive effects are being seen in high intensity exercises lasting less th an one minute may be that these exercise models are not limited by intramuscular acidosis, thereby the increased buffering capacity of beta alanine is unable to show an effect. On closer observation we can see that some studies (Saunders et al, 2012; Ducker et al, 2013; Smith-Ryan et al, 2012) have reported that beta alanine is unable to improve repeated sprint performance and intermittent activities, where each exercise bout has been 30 seconds, signifying that beta alanine is unlikely to be beneficial in team sports, such as rugby and football. Although, it is important to mention that currently there is limited evidence examining the effects of beta alanine on sport-specific endurance events and team sport performance, consequently more research is needed before a reasoned conclusion can be made. Robust evidence suggests that the oral dosage of 4 to 6g beta alanine per day, over 4-10 weeks, increases carnosine concentrations by 40-80% (Blancquaert et al, 2015). Regarding the studies mentioned above, a dose response relationship is observed were the studies which prescribed >4g for a longer duration, reported greater improvements in performance compared to those that prescribed 4g for a shorter period of time. Looking closer we can see that Derave et al (2007) observed no significant differences in 400 meter running time trial performance following 4 weeks of beta alanine supplementation (4.8 g ·dayà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1) suggesting that a larger dose over a longer duration may be needed to see enhanced performance. For example, two studies previously mentioned, showed that 4-6 weeks of 6.4 g ·dayà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 beta alanine supplementation improved time trial performance in well-trained subjects (de Salles Painelli et al, 2013; Hobsen et al, 2013). Regarding training status, Bex et al (2013) showed that well-trained subjects may be more responsive to beta alanine supplementation compared non-trained subjects. Furthermore, a recent study (de Salles Painelli, 2014) directly comparing whether well-trained subjects respond differently to beta alanine in comparison to non-trained subjects reported that beta alanine improves performance to a comparable extent in both well-trained and non-trained subjects. These observations are in agreement with the studies mentioned above where improvements were seen in well-trained subjects (Hobsen et al, 2013; Derave et al, 2007; de Salles Painelli, 2014). This illustrates the efficacy of beta alanine as an ergogenic aid irrespective of the training status of the subjects. Therefore, athletes as well as recreationally fit subjects could benefit from beta alanine supplementation. Overall, the scientific literature supports the claim that beta alanine supplementation has the potential to enhance sho rt duration high intensity workouts performance. In addition, the evidence supports that beta alanine has a weakened ergogenic affect with regards to long duration performance (Oches, 2016). Another recent claim made within the lay literature, states that sodium bicarbonate improves endurance performance by lowering blood lactate levels (Strength Fitness UK, 2017). Further recommends are that endurance athletes should supplement with 0.3g ·kg-1 of body mass to see improvements in endurance race performance. Lastly, it is suggested that the dose of beta alanine should be split into several smaller doses and ingested throughout the day. The rationale for this claim is based on the putative concept that the disassociation of lactic acid forms lactate and H+ which in turn decreases intracellular and extracellular pH. As mentioned before, sodium bicarbonate increases the extracellular buffering capacity by increasing the blood bicarbonate concentration, thereby causing an efflux of H+ from the muscle cells to the blood. Consequently, any ergogenic potential that sodium bicarbonate may impose depends upon the physiological demands of the exercise being adequate enough to induce a performance inhibiting level of metabolic acidosis. Looking closer we can see that there is substantial evidence demonstrating the ergogenic effect of sodium bicarbonate improving performance during short duration high intensity exercise. This effect has been reported within a range of exercise modalities which are known to elicit decreases in intracellular and extracellular pH, such as single bouts of supramaximal exercise (Thomas et al, 2015; Driller et al, 2012), high-intensity intermittent activities (Tan et al, 2010; Miller et al, 2015), and certain skill-based sports, such as judo and tennis (Tobias et al, 2010; Wu et al, 2015). In contrast, research investigating the use of sodium bicarbonate as a buffering aid in endurance performance has shown more inconclusive results (George and MacLaren 1988; McNaughton et al, 1999; Stephens et al, 2002; Northgraves et al, 2014). Delving deeper, studies which reported improvements in performance were those that tended to exhaust subjects in 1 to 7 minutes using repeated exercise bouts or single intervals (Thomas et al, 2015; Driller et al, 2012; Miller et al, 2015). The improvements seen here are likely to have been due to the energy system being utilized at the time, as much evidence illustrates that sprint-based exercises accumulate more intracellular and extracellular acid compared to endurance-based exercises (McNaughton et al, 2016), so it is likely that they will benefit more from the buffering capacity of bicarbonate than endurance athletes. For example, Northgraves et al (2014) reported no improvements for 60 minute time trial performance following sodium bicarbonate supplementation (0.3g ·kg-1 body mass) compared to Thomas et al (2015) where performance was enhanced by a 2.2% increase in mean power output during 70 seconds of all-out sprint. It must be pointed out that not all anaerobic based studies have observed a benefit following supplementation. The major differences in these studies are the timing of the dose and the trained state of the study subjects. It is also possible that large individual differences exist as far as response to supplementation is concerned.   For instance, a recent observation shows that individuals respond differently to 0.3g ·kg-1 body mass sodium bicarbonate supplementation, where time to peak pH ranged from 10 to 90 min post ingestion (Miller et al, 2016). This shows a high variability in the dose-response from sodium bicarbonate and holds a considerable limitation to all previous research that have usually utilized a standard pre-ingestion time of between 60 and 90 minutes and interpreted the response as an average of the group. This observation may have considerable practical implication, as a more personalized approach to sodium bicarbonate supplementation can be employed by athletes to elicit larger ergogenic effects. Wi th regards to the dosage, substantiated evidence suggests that 0.3g ·kg-1 5g ·kg-1 body mass of sodium bicarbonate is effective. Doses which are not within this range show to be less advantageous for enhancing performance and have shown to cause gastrointestinal discomfort (REF). Regarding training status, a common conception is that well-trained athletes are less likely to benefit from the use of sodium bicarbonate as their buffering systems are already so well developed. Although, a recent observation is that well-trained subjects are able elicit gains in performance from sodium bicarbonate more readily compared to non-trained subjects (Carr et al, 2011). This observation appears to be in line with the studies mentioned in this review which employed short duration high intensity exercise. For example, studies involving well-trained subjects showed improvements in performance (Thomas et al, 2015; Driller et al, 2012) whereas, smaller improvements were observed in studies involving non-trained subjects (Peart et al, 2013; Vanhatalo et al; 2010). Looking closer we can see that Vanhatalo et al (2010) reported no improvements in 3-min all-out sprint performance were observed following a dose of 0.3g.kg.bm sodium bicarbonate, among recreationally active subjects. Whereas among well-trained subjects, Driller et al (2012) reported ~3% performance improvement in average power during a 4 minute all-out sprint following the same sodium bicarbonate supplementation (0.3g.kg.bm). Conclusion To summarise the literature reviewed, offering conclusions on the value and appropriateness of lay literature available to modern day athletes and performers. (Synergist with bicarbonate ; Co-supplementation of ÃŽÂ ²-alanine and sodium bicarbonate, to increase both intracellular and extracellular buffering capacity, was shown to result in additional improvements above ÃŽÂ ²-alanine alone). This is where you will make your conclusions about the truth of the claims. References Artioli, G.G., Gualano, B., Smith, A., Stout, J. and Lancha Jr, A.H., (2010). Role of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine and exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 42(6), pp.1162-1173. Bex, T., Chung, W., Baguet, A., Stegen, S., Stautemas, J., Achten, E. and Derave, W., (2013). Muscle carnosine loading by beta-alanine supplementation is more pronounced in trained vs. untrained muscles. Journal of applied physiology. Carr AJ, Hopkins WG, Gore CJ. Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance: a meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2011; 41:801Y14. Chung, W., Baguet, A., Bex, T., Bishop, D.J. and Derave, W., (2014). Doubling of muscle carnosine concentration does not improve laboratory 1-hr cycling time-trial performance. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 24(3), pp.315-324. de Salles Painelli, V., Roschel, H., De Jesus, F., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Solis, M.Y., Benatti, F.B., Gualano, B., Lancha Jr, A.H. and Artioli, G.G., (2013). The ergogenic effect of beta-alanine combined with sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity swimming performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 38(5), pp.525-532. de Salles Painelli, V., Saunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Solis, M.Y., Roschel, H., Gualano, B., Artioli, G.G. and Lancha Jr, A.H., (2014). Influence of training status on high-intensity intermittent performance in response to ÃŽÂ ²-alanine supplementation. Amino acids, 46(5), pp.1207-1215. Ducker, K.J., Dawson, B. and Wallman, K.E., (2013). Effect of Beta alanine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on repeated-sprint performance. The Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 27(12), pp.3450-3460. Mero AA, Hirvonen P, Saarela J, et al. Effect of sodium bicarbonate and betaalanine supplementation on maximal sprint swimming. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2013; 10:52. Fitts RH. The cross-bridge cycle and skeletal muscle fatigue. J. Appl. Physiol. 2008; 104:551Y8 Nieper, A., (2005). Nutritional supplement practices in UK junior national track and field athletes. British journal of sports medicine, 39(9), pp.645-649. Oches, E. (2016). Everything You Need To Know About Beta Alanine. Available: https://gymjunkies.com/beta-alanine/. Last accessed 12th Feb 2017. Petrà ³czi, A., Naughton, D.P., Pearce, G., Bailey, R., Bloodworth, A. and McNamee, M., (2008). Nutritional supplement use by elite young UK athletes: fallacies of advice regarding efficacy. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 5(1), p.22. Saunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R.C. and Sunderland, C., (2012). Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on repeated sprint performance during the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test. Amino acids, 43(1), pp.39-47. Solheim, S.A., Nordsborg, N.B., Ritz, C., Berget, J., Kristensen, A.H. and Mà ¸rkeberg, J., (2016). Use of nutritional supplements by Danish elite athletes and fitness customers. Scandinavian journal of medicine science in sports. Smith-Ryan, A.E., Fukuda, D.H., Stout, J.R. and Kendall, K.L., (2012). High-velocity intermittent running: effects of beta-alanine supplementation. The Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 26(10), pp.2798-2805. Van Thienen, R., Van Proeyen, K., Vanden Eynde, B., Puype, J., Lefere, T. and Hespel, P., (2009). b-Alanine improves sprint performance in endurance cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(4), pp.898-903.

Different Kinds Of Love In Great Expectations Essay -- Great Expectatio

In Great Expectations, there are many odd points of view of love and what love should mean. Pip’s love toward Estella is a yearning craze, and he is blinded by her fascinating beauty. On the other hand, Uncle Joe has a very respected love for Mrs. Joe, considering how harshly she treats him, Mrs. Joe doesn’t seem to love Joe at all. Biddy’s love for Pip seems true, until Pip leaves his home to become a gentleman. Estella also gets married to a man that loves her, Bently Drummle, but does not return his love, and chooses to marry for profits only. Love plays a large part in this story, binding some of the characters together, and ruining other’s relationships. When Pip was very young, he was confused at what love should really be. It is no surprise that Pip has a very odd point of view about women at this point in the story. He’s met so many harsh women, he must think at his young age, that most women are like that. Estella, Pip’s first love, looks down on him, and Miss Havisham, confuses him and even tells Estella to break his heart. It is a mystery to know how Pip actually learns what love is with all the confusion from when he was young. Estella does not return Pip’s love when they are young, but when they grow older, she learns to love him dearly as a friend. When Pip traveled to London to become a gentleman, he becomes very close friends with the convict Magwitch. Later, Pip finds out that Magwitch is Estella’s real father, and on his deathbed, Pip, by his side, admits h...

The Mexican President Felipe Calder

Audience Purpose: Some of you in the audience may also be recovering addicts or know someone who Is struggling with drug adulation. America Is a nation full of addicts to be blunt 90% of all cocaine that enters the united States Is smuggled through our southern border by the Mexican drug cartels. Those same cartels are responsible for 80% of the methamphetamine manufacturing here in the united States as well as Mexico. Addiction has been an increasing problem for Americans for many years now.Thesis: The Mexican president Feline Caldron's war on drugs has seen some regress, but it has come at a heavy price to the people who live there and the neighboring countries. Development Plan: First I Like to Inform you about the violence that has left the Mexican government struggling against the Mexican drug cartels, for control of several regions in Mexico and why Mexican officials have been unable to restore peace to their country.Secondly, as this war on drugs rages out of control it has be gun to affect more than just Mexico and I'd like to tell you what our government and the Mexican government are doing to combat the ongoing violence. Transition Body l. In December of 2006, Mexico new President Feline Cauldron declared war on the drug cartels, and made attempts to put an end to the corruption that had plagued Mexico police force, however, to date, both of these efforts have been only marginally affected, and the flow of illegal drugs continues into the U. S. A.

Cómo Ejercer Como Médico en Estados Unidos

Cà ³mo Ejercer Como Mà ©dico en Estados Unidos El deficit de profesionales de la salud que existe en Estados Unidos se compensa cada aà ±o con un ingreso promedio de 6.000 profesionales de la salud extranjeros, entre mà ©dicos, enfermeras, dentistas y farmacà ©uticos. Cada uno de estos international medical graduate (IMG) debe cumplir una serie de requisitos para validar sus estudios, obtener la residencia y sacar la licencia profesional en estado en el que desean trabajar. El rea con ms deficit es el de los mà ©dicos generales, y en particular en las zonas rurales. Los mà ©dicos locales optan por reas de la medicina mejor pagas y en zonas ms urbanas. Aquà ­ resumimos algunas de las opciones para los diferentes casos de mà ©dicos profesionales que ingresan a Estados Unidos. Visa para los Mà ©dicos Interesados en Investigacià ³n y Docencia. La visa J-1, tambià ©n conocida como de visitante de intercambio. En este caso el solicitante entrarà ­a a la categorà ­a de researcher o scholar, y no en la categorà ­a de physician. La visa H-1B, o la visa temporal para profesiones especà ­ficas. Aunque las plazas otorgadas cada para esta visa aà ±o son limitadas, no hay là ­mite si se trabaja en entidades sin nimo de lucro o instituciones pà ºblicas. La visa O-1 o de talento especial, es para profesionales que puedan demostrar habilidades extraordinarias.La visa TN para mexicanos o canadienses. Si la enseà ±anza o la investigacià ³n se combinan con la atencià ³n a pacientes, es importante que estos candidatos no està ©n en trabajo acadà ©mico ms del diez por ciento de las horas del trabajo. La residencia por patrocinio de un empleador. Requisitos de Visa para Mà ©dicos Extranjeros en Contacto con Pacientes Estudios de medicina finalizados en el paà ­s de origen.Licencia sin restricciones del paà ­s de origen para ejercer la medicina.Residencia mà ©dica hecha en Estados Unidos asà ­ se haya completado en el paà ­s de origen.Examen aprobado de conocimientos de inglà ©s (administrado por ECFMG) menos para los profesionales que vienen de un paà ­s angloparlante. Examen USMLE aprobado, excepto para los especialistas reconocidos internacionalmente por su trabajo. Este es el examen que otorga la licencia mà ©dica. Licencia mà ©dica aprobada en el estado en el que se quiera trabajar. Apostillas de La Haya de todos los documentos del paà ­s de origen. Opciones de Visa para la Residencia Mà ©dica en Estados Unidos La visa J-1 o de intercambio. En este caso el ECFMG puede otorgar un patrocinio y este dura el tiempo que se requiera para completar la residencia mà ©dica. Una de las ventajas de esta visa es que permite a los cà ³nyuges obtener una visa J-2 y trabajar en Estados Unidos. Adems, la J-1 permite el acompaà ±amiento de los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os, quienes pueden estudiar gratuitamente en las escuelas pà ºblicas de Estados Unidos. El inconveniente de esta visa es que prohibe la permanencia en Estados Unidos una vez finalizada la residencia, pero es posible solicitar un permiso (waiver) y obtener la visa de trabajo si se est casado con un ciudadano o residente permanente, si se sufre de persecucià ³n en el paà ­s de origen, si una agencia del gobierno est interesada en el trabajo del solicitante, o si el departamento de salud pide el permiso a nombre del mà ©dico para que este trabaje en una zona rural o econà ³micamente deprimida. La visa H-1B es mucho ms compleja d e obtener porque adems el candidato debe probar que se le pagar, por lo menos, el salario promedio para su cargo. Debe adems contar con una peticià ³n de visa de parte de cada uno de los hospitales donde desee trabajar. Como en el caso de los mà ©dicos que aplican a residencia, estos solicitantes deben pasar el examen de ECFMG y haber completado el USMLE. Esta visa se aprueba por tres aà ±os y puede extenderse hasta por seis. En este caso los familiares que acompaà ±an al mà ©dico no pueden trabajar en Estados Unidos, aunque sus hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os sà ­ pueden estudiar. La visa de residente permanente es otra opcià ³n si es que un empleador lo patrocina, o hay un auto-patrocinio para mà ©dicos establecidos internacionalmente que se quieran radicar en Estados Unidos.La visa L, o de transferencia entre multinacionales, si es que el candidato trabaja en su paà ­s de origen en un centro clà ­nico con sucursal en Estados Unidos. Este es un artà ­culo informativo y no pretende ser asesorà ­a legal.

American Government and Citizenship essays

American Government and Citizenship essays I am a 19-year-old male, born and raised in support of our national government. My resent interest in the way our great nation is governed began in the classroom. I found my American Government class to be quite interesting and the Bush and Clinton scandals only increased my interest in American politics. Ever since, I have a strong belief in our government and will support it throughout my life. I always keep up with the events in Washington and follow today's issues very closely. Since the war began, MSNBC has been on in my room. I am a proud American citizen and would choose no other country to be from. I come from a home where we keep the flag present and raised to remind us of the people that gave their lives for us. Freedom is not something to be overlooked; our independence should not be taken for granted; and our government should continue making this land the great nation it is. I believe in our American politics, our science and art of government. I believe that government is necessary. Born as an American, individual rights are given at birth to guarantee life, liberty, and happiness. We can express individualism. America offers equality to all citizens. I feel that, without government, there would be total chaos among the population. It would be like the old West, where law and order barely existed. People would go around killing and stealing, never worrying about any consequences for their actions. People would solve their problems with guns and knives, having public shootouts where criminals and innocent alike would be gunned down in violent disarray. This is not what the people really wanted. Another example is Iraq, once the government fell, there was mass chaos. People where looting banks and stores, stealing anything they could. This is because of the fact that there was no government. Once law and order is established people will be safer and happ ier. Democracy is a form a government where the people rule thro...

Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind - Essay Example This topic is important for analysis, because there are dramatic differences among viewers regarding the type of gender differences, the levels of gender inequality, and the amount of violence that is necessary to maintain both systems of difference and domination. The essay consists of introductory part with thesis statement, two body paragraphs and conclusion. Thesis A treatment of body images and gender relations unveils the social dynamics of modern culture based on sexual relations and a role of women as â€Å"sex objects†. The film under analysis has a unique complex structure that helps to impress viewers and create a personalized story message. The film employs reverse chronology structure that depicts relationships between Joel and Clementine in reverse order, from the most painful moments to happier times. This structure focuses on the sexual memories and emotions of the heroes and understand the essence of their relations. Unusual chronology affects viewers greatly making them active participants of the scenes and story telling. Clementine is depicted as a "sex-object" for Joel. This interpretation of society reflects low cultural norms based on longing and sexually oriented behavior of men. Through a complex interaction of identification processes, gender systems, and social institutions, gender differences of both characters are produced--typically in the form of a dichotomy that not only opposes masculinity to femininity but also translates these oppositional differences into gender hierarchy, the privileging of traits and activities defined as masculine over those defined as feminine.

Doesn't matter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Doesn't matter - Essay Example As an accounting manager, only those costs and revenues should be considered that are altered as a result of the decision. Incremental costs and revenues get the prime importance in this decision-making tree. Cost is one of the most crucial factors of accounting when it comes to decision-making. "Cost behavior patterns" refers to the way in which cost behaves in connection with the level of activity. For instance in a project there are fixed costs and variable costs. Some costs increase as the project progresses while others remain fixed. Determining the minimum price quotations is crucial. This will help the company decide whether they should hire new technicians or not. It is not a final key in the decision-making. But this will give the managers the absolute minimum price. Beyond this, they can decide if they want to increase the sale price. The manager also needs to think in terms of overhead absorption. Dividing the total cost of technicians by the number of animals will give a cost per animal. This only gives a rough idea of the real cost of servicing each animal. As an accounting manager, it would be crucial to see what this extra work shift will mean in terms of cost/profit. A comparison of the profit statement when 12,000 test capacity is performed, with the profit statement when the additional shift of 18,000 tests is carried out, would be essential to judge the difference in terms of profit. There are certain factors that need to be included in case a decision is made regarding the additional workload of 18,000 tests. The greater the number of factors the more complicated the decision-making process. The presence of many options available for the company makes it difficult for accounting managers to ration and quantify the benefits across the board. The first factor to consider is whether the decision of taking on more technicians

Television Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Television - Research Paper Example San Francisco and its sights were incorporated very well in the show, as locations in the city were shown each episode and given the emphasis and focus on the city itself and its popular locations. Another show that was shot in San Francisco was a reality show called "The Real World: San Francisco" and featured various people from the city living together for a few months in a sealed house and being followed and monitored by cameras. The city itself was clearly not incorporated in the show, but the mentality of the city and its residents was expressed as all of the contestants were local. A show called MythBusters was also filmed in San Francisco. It was a popular science program that focused on urban legends, popular beliefs, rumors and other myths. In each episode, the cast would focus on one or more of those and go out to try and prove or disprove them. The locations the crew went to were all in San Francisco, but the city doesnt play a major role in the show. Contrary to these shows, many shows have been filmed in other locations, mainly Los Angeles or Vancouver for example, but "took place" in San Francisco. In other words, the plot was about the city of San Francisco, while the show wasnt actually shot in the city. For example, the popular show Charmed was filmed in Los Angeles but also featured opening and closing shots of San Francisco, especially the Golden Gate Bridge and skyscrapers in the city. The show was about three sisters who were witches and that fought the forces of evil, including demons, warlocks, evil witches, and dark wizards and so on. In this show, the city was always in the background. Although it wasnt shot in San Francisco, the filming locations tried to give the sensation of San Francisco. Also, there were many scenes featuring the Golden Gate Bridge and taking place in it. One other example for such a show is the show Full House, which told the story of a widower named Danny Tanner who is raising his three young daughters with

The Changes in Law Enforcement Essay Example for Free

The Changes in Law Enforcement Essay All together law enforcement has changed, but few see the drastic changes that have happened. Everyday, police and sheriffs are working to keep the people in their community safe. With improved technological advances and social changes, police and sheriffs are keeping a closer eye on things today. For example, improved weapons such as tasers have helped keep suspects safe, computers in police cruisers allow instant access of information of individuals. Other social changes, such as women allowed to join the police forces have helped law enforcement a lot with domestic violence cases because they are calmer then most men. No matter what happens police and the sheriffs will be there to protect and serve their community everyday of the year, both nighttime and daytime; crime never sleeps and neither does law enforcement. Police have been a part of society for many years. However, â€Å"police as we know them today – an armed force maintained by the state to perform the functions and paid a salary rather than a share of fines – are a rather recent phenomenon† (Miller). Police forces were formed in all major US cities during the latter half of the nineteenth century† (Miller). According to Miller, police in the United States developed â€Å"†¦from the British tradition†. Like in London, police duties were limited to patrolling and gradually increased into investigation. Police should have been established earlier then the nineteenth century but society may have not been ready for it. â€Å"At the time of their founding, the police were viewed not as an out-growth o f the state’s ability to make law but as a manifestation of its ability to use violence† (Miller). Most people today say that wasn’t the reason why society created the police. Law Enforcement has its purpose in society. â€Å"The purpose of Law Enforcement is to prevent, interdict, and investigate crimes and prosecute criminals† (Miller). One of the key duties of any police department is to deter crime by visible presence. â€Å"Over time, however, investigating and solving crimes has evolved into one of the most important functions of the police† (Miller). If police do not prosecute the criminals, then the criminals will continue to run the streets causing havoc and putting innocent people in danger. The investigation of crimes has not changed since the rise of the police in the mid nineteenth century, but the way in which they go about it has changed a great deal† (Miller). With the use of fingerprints, DNA and video surveillance, it is now easier to identify the suspects. â€Å"Once a suspect has been identified, the police must supply the state†™s attorney with sufficient evidence to prove the suspects guilt† (Miller). This helps to ensure that the correct person is prosecuted. Even today laws are being enforced but eventually they will get broken. Law Enforcement has drastically changed throughout its creation in the year of 1667. â€Å"Law Enforcement officers are facing a tougher environment today interacting with a greater diversity of people of many cultures, faiths, race and lifestyles† (St. Hilaire). People need to realize that the police are here to help them no matter what they believe in. â€Å"As many officers have experienced recently that we as a profession are receiving the frustrations of the public over many issues including hatred of our government† (St. Hilaire). Just because the government is not perfect does not mean that police do not want to help the public. â€Å"Some changes we may not have control over like shift schedules, assignments, the color of the uniform shirt and the outcome of other’s actions† (St. Hilaire). Obviously, the government cannot control what a police station does because if they change something it can put everything out of order. With everything that has happened, Law Enforcement has made itself worthy of serving the community. Another key change in Law Enforcement is the use of force. The Rodney King incident brought into question the use of force by law enforcement. â€Å"The King affair transformed basic practices of policing, not just in Los Angeles but across the country† (Deutsch). Many of the changes had been needed for years, but were never addressed. â€Å"The king beating and trial set in motion overdue reforms in the LAPD and that had a ripple effect of law enforcement throughout the country† (Deutsch). Since this had such a major effect on the lapd in almost destroyed their reputation. The Rodney King beating almost destroyed the reputation of the Los Angeles Police Department. In the aftermath of the Rodney king beating a lot of things changed with police on the field. â€Å"In the wake of the Rodney king case; cameras became standard equipment in patrol cars all over the nation† (Marcou). In doing this police now cannot cover up an incident that they were a part of. â€Å"As far as citizens recording police, there is still much disagreement about how it should be handled† (Marcou). Nowhere in the constitution does it say the citizens cannot film stuff that is happening outside their house. â€Å"When it comes to training, officers are told â€Å"have your camera going at all times.